Free Essays on Heuristic Problem Solving

Heuristic critical thinking †are presence of mind rules drawn for a fact, used to take care of issues. Or on the other hand basically put the heuristic technique for critical thinking is a general guideline. On the other hand, calculations are direct methods that are ensured to work inevitably. Heuristic programming describes programs that are self-learning; they are a piece of man-made reasoning, they show signs of improvement with experience. Heuristic projects don't generally arrive at the absolute best outcome yet as a rule produce great outcomes inside a sensible measure of search time. As talked about in the April 1998 Phi Delta Kappa article titled â€Å"What is issue solving†, general heuristics are â€Å"cognitive dependable guidelines that are helpful in understanding an extraordinary assortment of problems†. Explicit heuristics are utilized in particular territories, regularly explicit subject areas or callings. There are three normal strategies in heuristic critical thinking. In the first place, the most impressive general heuristic is to frame a sub-objective to diminish the inconsistency between your current state and your definitive objective state. Plan something for get somewhat nearer to the ultimate objective. Issues challenge one-shot arrangements; they should be separated into littler parts. A second heuristic strategy looks to take care of issues by working in reverse. First, think about your definitive objective. From that point, choose what might establish a sensible advance only preceding arriving at that objective. At that point as k yourself, what might be the progression only preceding that? Starting with the end, you construct a vital scaffold in reverse and inevitably arrive at the underlying states of the issue. The third heuristic strategy looks to take care of issues through progressive estimation. Initial attempts at tackling an issue may bring about an item that is not exactly fulfilling. Composing is a genuine model. Hardly any practiced essayists endeavor to compose immaculate exposition the first run through. Or maybe, the underlying objective is an unfinished version or a blueprint or a rundown of thoughts. After some time, an original copy is ... Free Essays on Heuristic Problem Solving Free Essays on Heuristic Problem Solving Heuristic critical thinking †are sound judgment rules drawn as a matter of fact, used to take care of issues. Or then again essentially put the heuristic technique for critical thinking is a dependable guideline. On the other hand, calculations are direct methodology that are ensured to work without fail. Heuristic programming describes programs that are self-learning; they are a piece of man-made reasoning, they improve with understanding. Heuristic projects don't generally arrive at the absolute best outcome yet ordinarily produce great outcomes inside a sensible measure of search time. As talked about in the April 1998 Phi Delta Kappa article titled â€Å"What is issue solving†, general heuristics are â€Å"cognitive dependable guidelines that are helpful in explaining an incredible assortment of problems†. Explicit heuristics are utilized in particular regions, frequently explicit subject spaces or callings. There are three normal techniques in heuristic critical thinking. To begin with, the most impressive general heuristic is to frame a sub-objective to lessen the error between your current state and your definitive objective state. Plan something for get somewhat nearer to the ultimate objective. Issues challenge one-shot arrangements; they should be separated into littler parts. A second heuristic strategy looks to tackle issues by working in reverse. First, think about your definitive objective. From that point, choose what might comprise a sensible advance only before arriving at that objective. At that point ask yourself, what might be the pro gression only preceding that? Starting with the end, you construct a vital scaffold in reverse and in the end arrive at the underlying states of the issue. The third heuristic technique looks to take care of issues through progressive estimation. Initial attempts at taking care of an issue may bring about an item that is not exactly fulfilling. Composing is a genuine model. Hardly any cultivated essayists endeavor to compose impeccable composition the first run through. Or maybe, the underlying objective is a work in progress or a blueprint or a rundown of thoughts. After some time, an original copy is ...

Ben Wallace Biography

Ben Wallace Biography Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Subhuman conditions produce subhumans.† Richard Wright’s subject in Native Son says that on the off chance that you experience childhood in a family or city that doesn't have a great deal of accomplishment, you won’t be fruitful yourself. It identifies with naturalism in an immediate manner. Naturalism says that your destiny relies upon your condition and your heredity. I don't accept this hypothesis. There are numerous other people who likewise don’t accept this hypothesis. One individual that invalidates this hypothesis is Ben Wallace. Experiencing childhood in Benton, Alabama, perhaps the littlest town in the nation was no picnic for Ben and his ten kin. Having a solitary parent was considerably harder. Ben’s mother, Mama Sadie, was making some hard memories concocting food and a better than average safe house for her family. She developed cotton in a little fix in the yard and furthermore developed yields that would help feed the family. Due to the absence of cash they had, Mama needed to make garments for the family. She was a diligent employee that never surrendered. On account of all the difficult work their mom experienced, Ben and his siblings attempted to assist by working around their territory. They helped close by ranchers complete errands on the homestead to make some additional money and help out the family. As he developed more established, he discovered that he had another ability. Ben started to trim hair. His notoriety developed and soon he began to trim the area kids’ hair for $3 each. He realized what it felt like to gain what you worked for. Ben Wallace took a stab at all that he did. In secondary school, he was All-State in baseball, football, b-ball and track. Loads of things made Ben the individual he was nevertheless doubtlessly it was all the difficult work he put into all that he did. In spite of the fact that he did the vast majority of the work, individuals like Charles Oakley, previous player who helped Ben get to school, made a difference. At last, difficult work and assurance helped Ben arrive at the level that he imagined to play at. He is presently carrying on with the life of a hotshot. From experiencing childhood in a modest community with minimal expenditure and ten kin, to turning into a star competitor and procuring $60 million for a long time is a gigantic change. Ben Wallace is a prime model that subhuman conditions don't create subhumans. I feel that this hypothesis is defective and can be invalidated by anybody ready to negate it. I don’t accept that individuals are constrained by their condition or by their heredity. For instance, if my folks were heavy drinkers and I saw the manner in which they rewarded me when they were smashed, I would not have any desire to be alcoholic with the goal that I wouldn’t treat my youngsters that way. The manner in which Ben endured a hard situation shows numerous others that it very well may be finished. With difficult work and assurance, you can transcend wh atever holds you down. Source Ben Wallace Biography. JockBio.Com. 13 Dec. 2007 . Research Papers on Ben Wallace BiographyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductGenetic EngineeringStandardized TestingPETSTEL investigation of India

Free King Lear Essays: The Unaccommodated Man :: free essay writer

The Unaccommodated Man in King Lear In William Shakespeare's King Lear, disloyalty is a typical occasion that prompts the destruction of a portion of the characters.  In the present society, there are two primary perspectives that are commonly taken towards these fallen people or unaccommodated men.  The principal disposition is to a greater extent a negative, critical attitude.  This demeanor puts most of the fault on the people themselves.  The people are depicted as being mindful either because of obliviousness or sluggishness, and it is felt that the people got themselves into their denied circumstance and they can likewise discover their direction out.  The subsequent view is increasingly idealistic and is normally progressively lenient and accepting.  People taking this position for the most part would have compassion for the people imagining that their sad circumstance was because of a basic instance of misfortune, or that these people were exploited or sold out by others at last leaving them accommodated.  In King Lear, the characters Lear, Gloucester, and Edgar were totally deceived by relatives prompting their unaccommodated lives.  Once again you can take the skeptical, critical mentality or the hopeful, kind attitude.  When applied to the characters in King Lear, I decide to take the idealistic, tolerant demeanor. Ruler Lear was deceived by his two little girls Goneril and Regan.  King Lear needed to disseminate his territory as indicated by the measure of adoration that this little girls had for him.  Granted this was a counter-intuitive strategy, his goals were not to destruct the family and himself.  He was additionally unforgiving to Cordelia, yet a definitive occasion that occurred to leave him unaccommodated was the disloyalty by Goneril and Regan.  Lear put his trust in an inappropriate people, and it wound up setting him in an unpleasant situation.  Now Lear didn't settle on the most intelligent choices, however what's going on did he submit in confiding in his two little girls who affirmed their affection for him to accommodate his essential needs.  How more keen than a snake's tooth it is to have a difficult kid. ( I, iv,57).   Lear voices his dissatisfaction with not having the option to confide in his own relat ives. Gloucester's ruin was additionally an instance of betrayal.  His ill-conceived child, Edmond, sold out him into feeling that Edgar, his authentic child, was plotting against him.  One may state that Gloucester was uninformed in trusting Edmond, and that he was nonsensical in not facing Edgar.

Biography of Childrens Author Tomie dePaola

Account of Children's Author Tomie dePaola Tomie dePaola is acclaimed as an honor winning childrens writer and artist, with more thanâ 200â booksâ to his credit. Notwithstanding showing these books, dePaola is likewise the writer of in excess of a fourth of them. In his specialty, his accounts, and his meetings, Tomie dePaola seems to be a man loaded up with an affection for humankind and joie de vivre. Early Life By the age of four, Tomie dePaola knew he needed to be a craftsman. At 31 years old, dePaola outlined his first picture book. Since 1965, he has distributed at any rate one book a year, andâ generally four to six books every year. A lot of what we think about Tomie dePaolas early life originates from the writers own books. Actually, he his arrangement of starting part books depends on his youth. Known as 26 Fairmount Avenue books, they incorporate 26 Fairmount Avenue, which got a 2000 Newbery Honor Award, Here We All Are, and On My Way. Tomie originated from a caring group of Irish and Italian foundation. He had a more seasoned sibling and two more youthful sisters. His grandmas were a significant piece of his life. Tomies guardians upheld his longing to be a craftsman and to perform in front of an audience. Instruction and Training When Tomie communicated an enthusiasm for taking move exercises, he was promptly enlisted, despite the fact that it was irregular for a little fellow to take move exercises around then. In his image book Oliver Button is a Sissy, dePaola utilizes the harassing that he encountered in light of the exercises as the reason for the story. The accentuation in Tomies family was on getting a charge out of home, school, loved ones, and grasping individual interests and gifts. dePaola got a BFA from Pratt Institute and a MFA from the California College of Arts Crafts. Among school and graduate school, he invested a concise energy in a Benedictine religious community. DePaola showed workmanship and additionally theater structure at the school level from 1962 through 1978 preceding committing himself full time to childrens writing. Artistic Awards and Accomplishments Tomie dePaolas work has been perceived with various honors, including a 1976 Caldecott Honor Book Award for his image book Strega Nona. The title character, whose name implies Grandma Witch is evidently approximately dependent on Tomies Italian grandma. DePaola got the New Hampshire Governors Arts Award as the 1999 Living Treasure for the whole body of his work. Various American universities have granted dePaola privileged degrees. He has additionally gotten a few honors from the Society of Childrens Book Writers and Illustrators, the Kerlan Award from the University of Minnesota, and grants from the Catholic Library Association and the Smithsonian Institution, among others. His books are much of the time utilized in the study hall. Composing Influences DePaolas picture books spread various subjects/points. A portion of these includeâ his own life, Christmas and different occasions (strict and common), folktales, Bible stories, Mother Goose rhymes, and books about Strega Nona. Tomie dePaola has additionally composed various instructive books like ​Charlie Needs a Cloak, which is the narrative of the making of a fleece shroud, from shearing a sheep to turning the fleece, weaving the material, and sewing the piece of clothing. dePaolas assortments incorporate Mother Goose rhymes, unnerving stories, regular stories, and nursery stories. He is additionally the creator of Patrick, Patron Saint of Ireland. His books are portrayed by funniness and carefree outlines, numerous in a people craftsmanship style. DePaola makes his work of art in a mix of watercolor, gum based paint, and acrylic. A Full and Accomplished Lifeâ Today, Tomie dePaola lives in New Hampshire. His specialty studio is in an enormous outbuilding. He goes to occasions and shows up normally. DePaola keeps on composing books dependent on his own life and interests, just as outlining books for different writers. To get familiar with this phenomenal man, read Tomie dePaola: His Art and His Stories, which was composed by Barbara Elleman and distributed by G.P. Putnams Sons in 1999.

Childhood Amnesia - Free Essay Example

Childhood Amnesia It is evident in humans around the world to lack the ability to recall childhood events such as the places they were and what emotions they felt. The first and most famous explanation comes by Sigmund Freud in 1953, who first offered an explanation to this phenomenon and introduced the term of Childhood Amnesia. In 1910, Freud referred to this phenomenon as the inability to recall episodic memories from the first two years of life and he credited repression of traumatic events as the cause to Childhood Amnesia. Many have investigated and questioned whether repression is the correct explanation to infantile amnesia, which is, another name for Childhood Amnesia however, this explanation by Freud had only raised more questions. Considering the number of several explanations about childhood amnesia there is surprisingly very little evidence supporting its existence. Most memory theories fall into two categories: neurological theory, which attributes the cause of Childhood Amnesia to the underdevelopment of brain structures in roles of the hippocampus (HPC) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) which is essential in forming and retaining the episodic memories in the brain. It appears that an explanation for rapidly forgetting early-life events is due to cognitive development. As the brain matures it causes an inability in adults to recall memories from their early life because they were never formed, or the memories were once formed, but later they became unreachable due to the cerebral changes in order for language to develop. On the other hand, some psychological findings do support and weaken both theories and more importantly, we need to understand their causes. In 1967 Piaget investigated the Neurological theory where he suggested that at 18-24 months of age, language starts to develop in the brain structure where it is required to recall memories and it also starts to develop episodic memories which are very essential since Childhood Amnesia is the inability to form, retain and recall episodic memories. This theory implies that the cause of Childhood Amnesia is underdevelopment of the brain structures at 18-24 months of age then, a child would not be able to remember coming out of the womb or the first birthday party. Regardless, of the neurological theory Howe and Courage (1993) were able to find that children of two years of age could accurately recall events that took place in the first age of life. According to the neurological theory Childhood Amnesia is due to a delayed development of the structures required to form episodic memories, this theory is conflicting because we clearly see through other studies that children, who have not yet reached the indicated age have developed the ability to form, retain and recall episodic memories. Another study done by the Program in Neurosciences Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada proposed the neurogenic hypothesis. The Neurogenic hypothesis focuses on the postnatal brain development of new neurons to the hippocampus. They stated that infants including humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents display in the hippocampal high levels of neurogenesis and the infants were not capable of forming long term lasting memories. In the same way, there was a decrease of new neuron levels to the hippocampus to have the ability to form stable long-term memory. They insinuated that neurogenesis levels negatively controls the ability to form long-term memories by replacing synaptic connections in preexisting hippocampal memory circuits. On the contrary, it has been discovered that there are several species with the ability to form long lasting memories increasing significantly when the neurogenesis decreases. Thirdly, Nelson Fivush investigated the theory of language development in 2004 by comparing two groups. The first group being the parents that discussed past memories with their children and the second group of parents that did not discuss past memories with their children. They discovered that the children that discussed their memories with the parents reported a superior number of memories than the children that did not. As a result, Nelson Fivush (2004) found that the memories that occurred before the ability to communicate verbally would develop at risk of being lost because the lack of communication prevents children from processing their memories. Anyhow, as per language developmental theory, the ability to recall episodic memories requires the development of language; nevertheless, we are able to confirm that animals do not have the ability to communicate with sounds in saying words, then, if they are not able to communicate with spoken words, they should not be able to form episodic memories at all. Psychologists suggest that episodic memory is a human phenomenon however, recently, was little evidence found that animals could recall a unique past experience and respond appropriately. Clayton, Dickinson Griffiths (1999) confirmed that birds have an episodic like components of memory, as they were able to locate and remember when and where they found a variety of food. Conclusion In conclusion, we witnessed a number of supportive evidences explaining all the theories however, they are conflicted by contradictory evidence. The first contradictory evidence suggested that children, who have not yet reached the indicated age have developed the ability to form, retain and recall episodic memories. Second, the neurogenic hypothesis contradictory evidence, discovered that there are several species with the ability to form long lasting memories increasing significantly when the neurogenesis decreases. Third, as per language developmental theory the contradictory evidence stated confirmed that animals cannot communicate with spoken words, but they were able to form episodic memories. It is clear that childhood amnesia is not being understood by looking at the biological or developmental theories. The researches lack culture, emotion, and repression that should be considered to better understand the cause of infantile amnesia. Even a more objective method such us the usage of a fMRI, could bring light to understanding this phenomenon.

The Commodification of Women in Sappho’s Poems and Fragments - Literature Essay Samples

Ancient Greek poet Sappho authored poems exploring various concepts of female sexuality and romantic experience. Many of her poems and the fragments of them that remain explore the theme and experience of marriage in women’s lives. While many readers would argue that the women in Sappho’s poems are honored and respected through marriage, this view fails to recognize that the marriage system exists within a social system that favors men, is deeply flawed, and contributes to the commodification of women in society. In her essay, â€Å"The Traffic in Women: Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sex,† Gayle Rubin coins the term â€Å"the sex/gender system† in order to describe this dynamic. According to Rubin, the sex/gender system is â€Å"the set of arrangements by which a society transforms biological sexuality into products of human activity, and in which these transformed sexual needs are satisfied† (159). In our society specifically, it is the system in which women, sexual minorities, and other aspects of human personality are oppressed. Rubin argues for how this system creates a society in which women are exchanged by men through the institution of marriage and therefore commodified. Rubin’s ideas on kinship and marriage further reveal the detrimental effects of the sex/gender system on female value, and her observations not only shed light on the commodification of women in modern times, but on the archetypal commodification of women that plagued ancient Greece as well. By reading Sappho’s poems through the lens of Rubin’s ideas on marriage and kinship within the sex/gender system, it is possible to gain a deeper and more complete understanding of Sappho’s perception of the flaws of marriage and its impact on the commodification of women in ancient Greece. By reading Sappho’s poems through Rubin’s sex/gender system lens, it becomes clear that Sappho seeks to expose the subordination of women that results from marriage. In her essay, Rubin argues that marriage commodifies women because the marriage system places value not on a woman and her personal abilities, but on her kinship ties and monetary value. Rubin does not provide a concrete definition of kinship ties, arguing that they â€Å"are and do many things,† and are â€Å"made up of, and reproduce, concrete forms of socially organized sexuality† (169). Kinship ties are a form of the sex/gender system that perpetuates the reproduction of the marriag e system and of female commodification. Rubin argues that â€Å"marriage transactions- the gifts and material which circulate in the ceremonies making a marriage,† illuminate that women’s rights are â€Å"residual† to those of men (177). Rubin argues that marital transactions consist of a system in which women are the gift and men the giver, creating a dynamic in which women have no ownership over themselves. This system was clearly evident in ancient Greece, as we can deduce from Sappho’s description below of a marriage ceremony. Sappho’s poems reveal a system in which a woman’s worth is tied to her wealth, which is a result of her kinship status. In fact, much of the marriage song depicted describes not the bride herself, but the material objects that accompany her in the marriage exchange. Sappho writes, Hector and his companions are bringing a woman / with sparkling eyes, graceful Andromache, from sacred / Thebe, / from the ever-flowing streams of Placia, in their ships / across the salt-filled sea; / and with her they also carry / many golden bracelets, purple clothing, engraved trinkets, / ivory and silver goblets too numerous to count. (72) In Greek mythology, Andromache was viewed as the perfect wife- virtuous, domestic, and subservient. However, she also exhibits untraditional behavior for a woman, such as giving her husband advice on matters of war. In this way, Andromache and Hector’s relationship is an example of a relatively untraditional marital partnership that breaks down gender barriers. Sappho, however, disregards this part of Hector and Andromache’s story and simplifies Andromache’s role in order to emphasize Andromache’s subservience and highlight the commodification of women at play here. Sappho first describes Andromache as being brought, by â€Å"Hector and his companions,† presumably a largely male group. The image of a woman â€Å"being brought† to a man by another group of men demonstrates the lack of female control in this exchange between men. The woman is the gift, and the men are gifting her. This concept of men exchanging women portrays a system in which women have no rights over themselves. Andromache is praised only for her physical beauty, as having â€Å"sparkling eyes† and being â€Å"graceful.† All other descriptions of her are tied to her kin or the material objects that accompany her. She is â€Å"from sacred / Thebe,† connoting that she and her kin come from a place of holiness and purity, as well as â€Å"from the ever-flowing stream of Placia,† implying wealth and abundance. The description includes that Andromache is accompanied by â€Å"many gold bracelets, purple clothing, engraved trinkets / ivory and silver goblets too numerous to count.† She is being brought alongside material objects that Sappho describes in rich language. The value of the marriage exchange is significantly raised by the material objects that are gifted alongside the bride, thereby reducing her personal value and implying that the exchange of women is only worthy and complete if it includes material objects of mon etary worth. Thus, women’s rights are not only more â€Å"residual than those of men,† they are plainly secondary (Rubin 177). â€Å"Gold† and â€Å"purple† are colors associated with wealth, while â€Å"trinkets† and â€Å"goblets† are described in abundance. As Rubin explains, the woman is only one part of the material that circulates in a marriage ceremony. The emphasis placed on the material objects that a woman is exchanged with demonstrates that the exchange of marriage emphasizes not the woman, but the wealth that accumulates with the marriage. By examining Sappho’s poems through the Rubin’s lens of marriage transactions, it is clear that the poems reveal a deep dissatisfaction with the secondary role that women were assigned in ancient Greece. Through her description of the marriage procession of Hector and Andromache, Sappho demonstrates this by exposing the emphasis that marriage places on a woman’s subservient role and lack of recognition for her abilities. A closer reading of Sappho’s poems through the lens of Rubin’s ideas of kinship organization further reveals women’s subordinate role in which women in marital relationships receive neither the benefits of their relationships nor the rights to themselves. One benefit of the relationship would be wealth, or at least financial autonomy. The woman receives neither of these things directly, as demonstrated by Sappho’s depiction of marriage ceremonies. In her essay, Rubin details the system in which women are exchanged without any say in their own circulation. Rubin maintains that women in marriage ceremonies simply â€Å"pass from hand to hand,† and as a result, leave â€Å"the ties that bind,† meaning kinship ties. However, the resulting kinship ties only benefit men, usually heightening their wealth and power. Women are â€Å"conduits† in a system which does not benefit them and which they have no control over. It is the men who benefit from these transactions, who are â€Å"linked† by the kinship ties that are created and for whom wealth is increased. Thus, women are commodified as gifts in order to benefit the men in their families (174). The system Rubin reveals is clearly problematic, and is emphasized in Sappho’s poems. In Sappho’s description of a marriage, the groom is praised for his bride, which he seems to have acquired through faith and luck. Sappho writes, Lucky bridegroom, / the marriage you have prayed for has come to pass / and the bride you dreamed of is yours†¦ / Beautiful bride, / to look at you gives joy; your eyes are like honey, / love flows over your gentle face†¦ / Aphrodite / has honoured you above all others (62). Sappho’s description of marriage from the male point of view is one in which the woman is indeed viewed as a gift. The marriage is a result of â€Å"luck,† â€Å"prayer,† and â€Å"dreaming.† The woman did not have to be a ctively pursued; instead, it is as if he acquired her as one does a gift, confirming Rubin’s description and demonstrating that women are treated merely as pawns used to benefit men by creating kinship ties through marriage, and ultimately leading to an increase in wealth for the men involved. Additionally, the woman’s value lies in her beauty; her eyes are â€Å"like honey,† and she has a â€Å"gentle face.† Her value lies only in her attributes that can give men enjoyment, such as beauty and wealth, and she receives no benefit from her marital relationship. Thus, Sappho details a system not unlike that which Rubin describes, in which â€Å"women are the gifts† and men â€Å"the exchange partners.† In this system, â€Å"women are in no position to realize the benefits of their own circulation†¦men†¦are the beneficiaries of the product of such exchanges,† (Rubin 174). This system, in which men receive the wealth that accompanies a married woman, creates a problematic dynamic in which women are never in any position of control over themselves, and in which their personal value is never recognized. Rubin defines the term: â€Å"’Exchange of women’ as a shorthand for expressing that the social relations of a kinship system specify that men have certain rights in their female kin, and that women do not have the same rights either to themselves or to their male kin† (177). One short fragment by Sappho serves as clear evidence for Rubin’s concept: â€Å"’We give this woman away, ’ / her father said† (61). The â€Å"we† represented here is most likely another party of men: brothers, uncles, cousins, and fathers who will benefit from the exchange of this female member of their family. The decision is final and explicit, for the woman has no say in the matter. She is simply an object to be given away. Women in this system are valued solely for how they can potentially benefit men, whether it be their kin or husbands. Rubin’s ideas on the exchange of marriage illuminate the meaning of Sappho’s poems by emphasizing the commodified and subordinate position of women in ancient Greece through descriptions of marriage ceremonies. When reading Sappho’s poems and fragments, it can seem logical to view them as having a positive and even joyous outlook on marriage. After all, Sappho’s poems often contain rich descriptions of love, desire, and beauty. However, a deeper reading of her poems reveal a critical perspective on marriage that is required in order to understand the authentic experience of married women in ancient Greece. Rubin’s essay reveals ideas on the sex/gender system that can be applied to the interpretation of Sappho’s poems. Rubin argues that women are commodified because their value is placed on their kinship ties. Women in ancient Greece were commodified by this same system, in which they had no control over themselves or their relationships. Women passed through the hands of men, their value weighed by their kinship ties and beauty, attributes they could not control. Women were the gifts that men received in marriage, and men were the givers. Women were celebrated an d valued only for the pleasure they brought to men, whether through their beauty or their family’s wealth. Sappho’s poems on marriage songs and ceremonies are evidence of this, and show the lack of control that women possessed in marital relationships. Rubin’s ideas are a powerful tool in understanding the ways in which women were commodified then and now, and serve as a lens in which to interpret ancient as well as modern marital dynamics. Bibliography: Rubin, Gayle. â€Å"The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex.† Toward an Anthropology on Women, Edited by Rayna R Reiter. Monthly Review Press, 1975, pp. 157–210. Sappho. Poems and fragments. Edited by Josephine Balmer. Meadowland Books, 1984.

Sport Recreation Training - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 7954 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Over 150 years ago sports sport and recreation management evolved. Clubs, leagues, and professional tournaments were all started by people credited with the development of sport and recreation management. This type of management mixes the business, management, and marketing aspects of sports into one. There are many colleges that offer some sort of sport and recreation management degree. To find out information about this degree resources can be used such as websites, books, and people in this career. One thing that may be found when researching is that the American Psychological Association is the most common writing style for sport and recreation managers. Writing is one way of communicating to others about sport and recreation management. Verbal skills are also used a lot. From playing baseball with a stick many years ago to hitting with a baseball bat, sports have come a long way. Sport and recreation management is becoming a more popular career the more popular and sophisticated sports get. Do not expect to see this career decline. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sport Recreation Training" essay for you Create order Sport Management and Recreation Management People who share the same understandings and communicate the same way in a professional manner are said to be a professional community. The professional community that offers knowledge about the business aspects of sports is Sport Management. Sport Management is a type of management where people can work in sport related careers dealing with many different levels of sports (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Such levels include professional sports, college sports at the division 1-3 levels, high school sports and youth sports in communities or other programs that are offered. A variety of organizations across the country have a need to hire qualified management personnel who possess a theoretical background in sports. Some of the groups currently employed with sport manager positions are academic institutions, major and minor league professional sports franchises, and sporting good companies (Sport, 2007). Over the past 150 years the organization of sport developed and today still it continues to grow (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). In the early days, sport managers learned from hands-on experiences to work in the sport industry (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Therefore, while the sport industry became more complex, there was a need to train and teach managers in a more formal fashion (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). From this need the study of sport management emerged. At first it seemed as if one only needed to know about sports in general, but now there are many more things to know. Such things include knowledge in business, management, and marketing. Having education in all these fields only pertained to few sport managers in the workplace when this profession came about. Now it is a requirement for a degree. Training on how to use a curriculum began to teach sport management personnel the importance and significance of having a solid curriculum. James G. Mason a physical educator at the University of Miami, Florida and Walter OMalley of the Brooklyn (now Los Angeles) Dodgers discussed this idea in 1957 (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). The first masters program in sport management started at Ohio University in 1966 and it was based on Mason and OMalleys ideas about sport management curriculum (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). A little while after the Ohio University graduate program started up, Biscayne College (now St. Thomas University) and St. Johns University founded undergraduate sport management programs. The second masters program started in 1971 at Massachusetts-Amherst (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). These colleges were the first to start these types of degrees. The number of colleges and universities across the United States that offer sport management majors grew rapidly (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). By the mid 1980s the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) figured there were over 40 undergraduate programs, 32 graduate programs, and 11 at both levels offering management degrees (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Today, there are over 200 sport management programs in colleges across the United States. In Canada there are just over twelve programs that offer sport management degrees (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). The growth of this academic field was prompted by the sport industrys need for well-trained managers, but was also pushed by the universities and colleges need to attract students (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Colleges and universities that wanted to increase their enrollments in a highly competitive market added sport management programs to their curriculum in the 1980s (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). People are majoring in sport management today because of the need in the field. It has become quite the popular major over the past years and the continuing growth has created demand for the organized study of sport management practices. The growth of this academic field drew concerns of qualified workers. To make sure that the right education and knowledge was obtained by managers, two groups were formed to assist in this. The first group was a group of people who examined this issue. They called themselves the Sport Management Arts and Science Society (SMARTS), which was initiated by the faculty at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005.) This group laid down the groundwork for the second organization, known as the North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). The purpose of this organization is to promote, stimulate, and encourage study, research, scholarly writing, and professional development in the care of sport management (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). The sport management programs that are approved by the NASSM include sport marketing, legal aspects of sport, management and leadership in sport, ethics in sport management, budget and finance in sport, communication in sport, and the socio-cultural context of sport (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Sport management exists in other countries as well. There are other groups worldwide that use the same curriculum and promote the same education as the NASSM and SMARTS organization do (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). It is good that world-wide universities are developing the same things so that graduates can work whereever they desire. It seems as if the program keeps more structured and uniformed every year. Management has a lot of different areas to it, but in sport management there are three areas to include that are most important. The first area is the goals and objectives that need to be achieved, the second area has limited resources, and the third area is to have limited resource with people and through people (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). As a manager for any kind of business whether it is in sport or not, ones main goal is to get employees involved in what needs to be accomplished. This is an important goal because if the employees do whatever they want to when working, the organization is going to decrease and could end up with unachieved goals. Management is a process of using ones knowledge and understanding (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). In using this process one needs to understand the areas of planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating. The development of this theory went through a number of distinct phases; two of these phases were Scientific Management and the Human Relations Movement (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Fredrick Taylor was the first true founder of the management theory (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). He published a book called The Principles of Scientific Management which was the foundation of scientific management in the 1900s (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Working as an industrial engineer Taylor had a big concern on the way that is fellow employees where doing their work (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Taylor thought that the scientific method is the best way to perform better while working on the job (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). In other words the best way for workers to perform better is to reward them with economic rewards. The second phase is human relation. From 1927 to 1932. Elton Mayo was on a team that conducted the Hawthorne studies at Western Electrics Chicago plan (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). He studied how the workers were motivated during work and examined how the changes in the work environment affected output. Mary Parker Follett is also a person who was popular in the writing and work of human relations movement (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Follett was a female consultant in the 1920s; she worked with the male-dominant industrial world (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Follett observed workers as people with attitude, beliefs, and needs (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005, p.20). Follett believed that management was better in a partnership and cooperation and to have people skills in the organization was way more beneficial to the organization (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Human relations are more beneficial in management because it focuses on the behavior of people and human components in the organization rather than focusing on forming a task, like in scientific management. Todays society the study is brought upon human behavior within the organization, which fits into the scientific management and human relations approach. This is what is called Organizational behavior, it characterizes the modern approach to management (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Organizational behavior studies the application of the human side of management and organizations (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Organizations have gone through many changes. Managers have been busy with their organizations because of downsizing, globalizing, installation and usage of information technology. Managers are striving to improve on productivity and competitive challenges that these changes have brought the organization. Through the changes that evolved in these organizations one thing is still clear, the lasting competitive advantage within organizations comes through human resources and how they are managed (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Sport managers perform in many different function areas and work on many activities to fulfill the demands of their jobs. The functional areas that sport managers do are planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating. Planning involves defining organizational goals and determining the appropriate means by which to achieve these desired goals (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). Organizing is all about having your plans and making sure they are put into use. After organizing sport managers must lead, leading is where the sport manager directs the activities of employees as he or she attempts to accomplish organizational goals (Masteralexis and Barr, 2005). The last step is evaluating, this is where sport managers measure and ensures the progress toward organizational goals. With the sport management field comes a lot of responsibility and knowledge. All the information provided should help one determine the professional community and how to go about learning everything there is to know about the field. History of Sport and Recreation Management The organization of sport management developed over 150 years ago in England (Masteralexis Barr, 2005). The most popular sports were track and field, all the variations of football, and stick and-bat games such as baseball, field hockey, and cricket (Masteralexis Barr, 2005). Englands popularity in sports grew and soon other countries were adopting such sports. Other sports such as basketball, gymnastics, and golf were developed in other countries and later adopted into Englands society. Many years have come since the beginning of sport management. As society changes so does sport management. Managers need to be flexible and consider the changes in society to be successful. Every year the rules and regulations change, thus the management side does too. Throughout sport managements history there have been specific events and people who have contributed to its success. In this management style there are three structures of sports that are important. They are clubs, leagues, and professional tournaments (Masteralexis Barr, 2005). The following paragraphs will give a short summary of each of them and what events or people contributed to them, and also other important events and people that contributed to sport management. One of these events is horse racing. Humans have been interacting with horses for a many decades. It was not until around 1750 that riding horses become a sport. The Jockey Club was founded in London by a group of men brought together by their shared passion for and commitment to horseracing (Maxse, 2007). This club became an effective organization with the management of horse racing. There were approximately 130 members to this club who were elected because of their knowledge and experience of racing (Maxse, 2007). The Jockey Club has grown from one course in London to fourteen courses and hoped to add more. As a person can tell this club was one of the first sports related clubs to come about and it has grown since. Other sports derive from the modern Olympics, which started in 1896. April 6, 1896 was a day where thousands of spectators viewed the first ever modern Olympics located in Athens (Gettings, 2007). The idea of this program was created by Baron Pierre de Coubertin of France (Gettings, 2007). He wanted to create something where all nations could come together because of sports, and that is how it all started. The 1896 Olympics had fourteen nations participate in the following games: track and field, fencing, weightlifting, rifle and pistol shooting, tennis, cycling, swimming, gymnastics, and wrestling (Gettings, 2007). It was said that this was to happen annually and that each year it would be located at a different location world wide. This event is important because it is still currently going on and it has evolved into much more. The modern Olympics were a great program that led to numerous other organizations, such as the North American Society for Sport Management. The North American Society for Sport Management was started in 1985 to promote, stimulate, and encourage study, research, scholarly writing, and professional development in the area of sport management (Cuneen, 2000). This group focuses on topics such as leadership, motivation, communication, organization, ethics, marketing, professional preparation, and financial administration related to sport and exercise (Cuneen, 2000). The NASSM works with local, regional, national, and international organizations to help stay current and informed of all situations. Most of NASSMs members are sport management educators who teach, research, and serve the institution from both the United States and Canada (Cuneen, 2000). Today this group still exists and it has helped sport managers make decisions and gives them resources. The work of the NASSM has opened the eyes of educational institutions for the need of a sport management program. The first masters program in sport management was established at Ohio University in 1966 ((Masteralexis Barr, 2005). Walter OMalley first thought of the idea of a masters program, but did not have the time to pursue this idea. When James Mason heard of the idea he brought it to life. The program focused in depth on contract negotiation, facilities management, and marketing, which could contribute to more efficiently and effectively running a sports organization (Walter, 2008). This program is still running today and has produced many executives in sports industries. One executive that came from a sport management degree program was Garry Bettman, lead executive of the NHL. The Stanley Cup is awarded to the NHL players when they win the championship game, the last game of the NHL season. The Stanley Cup is the most desirable championship trophy in all of sports (Stanley, 2008). It has more than one name; people call it The Cup, The Holy Grail and the of course Lord Stanley Cup (Stanley, 2008). The Stanley Cup is the oldest sports trophy in North America (Stanley, 2008). The trophy was donated by former Governor General of Canada Lord Stanley of Preston in 1892 as an award for Canadas top-ranking amateur ice hockey club (Stanley, 2008). In 1915, the two professional ice hockey organizations, the National Hockey Association and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, reached a gentlemens agreement in which their respective champions would face each other for the Stanley Cup (Stanley, 2008). Since there were a lot of league mergers and folds, it became the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926, and the Cup later became the de jure NHL championship prize in 1947 (Stanley, 2008). Sport management relates to the Stanley Cup because it is a huge achievement to all the people who are related in this profession. Fredrick Arthur Stanley was born into an upper-class family on January 15, 1841 in London, England (Shea, 2006). For centuries his family played an important task the political life in England. Stanley was the youngest boy of the fourteenth Earl and Derby, who would serve as British prime minister on three separate occasions (Shea, 2006). He served in office on June 11, 1888 after sailing across the Atlantic Ocean with his wife, Lady Constance Stanley (Shea, 2006). His term in office closely paralleled Canadas early history (Shea, 2006). The first Prime Minister Sir John A. McDonald had a stroke, so Lord Stanley took his place traveling coast to coast on Canadas new railways to meet people and give further notice on Canadas new settlement (Shea, 2006). He wanted to keep Canada together because at that time the United States wanted to take over Canada. He also took control over the growth of the great sport hockey. He organized games with other employees and later formed a traveling s quad called the Rideau Rebels which helped spread the love of the game into other centers, including Toronto, which had not yet not yet embraced the young sport (Shea, 2006). After watching many games Lord Stanley wanted to donate a trophy to the team that was the best. He decided to put his name on the Cup and now it is the Cup that every hockey player in the world dreams of winning one day. Luther Halsey Gulick was an asset to the history of sport management. Throughout his life he was always involved in things relating to sports. He started college in 1884 studying physical education (Winter, 2004). He was always interested in physical education and hygiene (Winter, 2004). He began his career as the physical director at the YMCA in Jackson, Michigan. The following year he became head of the gymnastics department at the Young Mens Christian Educations Springfield Training School (Winter, 2004). There he had one of his students help him come up with a set of rules so they could design a game with them. This game became known as basketball. At the same time he was also the international secretary for the physical training department at the YMCA as well as the secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education (Winter, 2004). In 1903 he became the first director of physical education in the public schools of New York City (Winter, 2004). He was also on the Physical Training Lecture Committee. In 1904 he initiated the Public School Physical Education Society and the next year founded the informal Academy of Physical Education. He was on the committee for the Olympics in 1906 and 1908 (Winter, 2004). He became one of the founders of many associations related to physical education. He was president of the American Physical Education Association for three years, president of the Public School Training Society for three years, and president of the Playground and Recreation Society of America for four years (Winter, 2004). He also founded the girl scouts program and published many books. Gulicks last job was to serve as chairman of the YMCAs International Committee on Physical Recreation of the War Work Council (Winter, 2004). With this job he traveled internationally and surveyed soldiers on their moral and physical well being. He died in 1918 at age 53 (Winter, 2004). Gulick made many contributions to the sport management fie ld. He started up and directed many programs and organizations and has influenced many people. Gulick was one of the people who started basketball. He is a type of person like Fred Corcoran, who was on of the first founders of Ladies Professional Golf Association. Fred Corcoran was born April 4, 1905 in Cambridge, Massachusetts (World, 2008). In the years before World War II, Corcoran helped found the Ladies Professional Golf Association, the World Cup and Golf Writers Association of America (World, 2008). His knowledge and ideas brought out the best in him. He was one of the founders of the World Golf Hall of Fame. He was one of the sports first agents, managing the careers of Babe Zaharias, Tony Lema and Sam Snead (World, 2008). His biggest achievement in this sport was leading it to its Golden Age. When Corcoran was nine years old he got his first job in golf (World, 2008). He was a caddy at Belmont C.C. near Boston (World, 2008). When he was twelve he moved up to a masters caddy and from there he kept moving up the ladder. When he was a teenager he was an assistant golf secretary for the Massachusetts Golf Association at Belmont (World, 2008). This was a turning point in Corcorans life; he put tournament scoring into history. He was the one that kept spectators and the media up to date on the tournaments progress (World, 2008). He was then made the official scorer for golf. After being golfs official scorer he moved on to Pinehurst and worked as an assistant golf secretary in the office of Donald Ross, the golf course architect (World, 2008). In 1936, the Professional Golf Association (PGA) of America hired Corcoran as tournament manager of the professional tour (World, 2008). Corcoran was twenty-eight when he took this job. The deal was he would run and promote the tour (World, 2008). Corcoran was always in the right place at the right time. For the next forty years, he would manage many people including baseball hall of famers and golf professionals (World, 2008). Corcoran was inducted into the Golf Hall of Fame and his name is a legacy for the sport of golf. Corcoran is a person that contributed to sport management because he started so many professional leagues like the LPGA and the PGA. He contributed his life to make the sport of golf the way it is today. Corcoran was a major tribute to the world of golf. Another person who is a big part of sports would be Ford Christopher Frick. Ford Christopher Frick was born December 19, 1894 in Wawaka, IN (Fleming, 2007a). In 1916, he went to Colorado Springs to become an English teacher (Fleming, 2007a). He wanted to take a different route for a career and started working for the local newspaper. In 1919 he opened up his own advertising agency and wrote the editorial column for the Colorado Springs telegraph (Fleming, 2007a). After working in Colorado Springs for three years he moved out to New York and worked for the New York American (Fleming, 2007a). One year later he wrote the evening journal. He would eventually move up in the world of being a writer and wrote about the New York Yankees and became Babe Ruths number one writer. In May of 1930, Frick worked with radio and became a sportscaster (Fleming, 2007a). He worked in sport casting until 1934 when he was elected the new and first director of the National League Service Bureau, which was the publicity outlet for the National League (Fleming, 2007a). Frick was ele cted president after his term as director ended. His first thought for the sport of baseball was to include a Hall of Fame to honor baseballs great players. Frick was an inspiration to baseball. He was elected commissioner in 1951 and kept teams from going bankrupt (Fleming, 2007a). He was the commissioner for one of the most memorable times in baseball when Roger Maris and Mickey Mantel were going for the home run record to break Babe Ruths record in a single season. In the time that Maris and Mantel played they had more single season games than Ruth did, so as commissioner of baseball Frick could make rules. He made a rule that Maris and Mantel had to break the record in the same quantity of games that Ruth played. He resigned a commissioner in 1965 after being the commissioner of baseball for fourteen years (Fleming, 2007a). He was seventy one at the time he resigned (Fleming, 2007a). He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1970 and passed away in 1978 (Fleming, 2007a) After his death an award was dedicated in his name for baseball broadcasters with distinguished careers (Fleming, 2007a). This award is given to broadcasters who are inducted into the broadcasting side of the Hall of Fame. Frick is probably the most memorable person in the sports industry. His dedication working with the media, being a director, president and commissioner is a great thing for sport management. Fred was a huge part of baseball and contributed a lot of time to the game, another man who did the same is William Hulbert. William Hulbert was born on October 23, 1832 in Burlington Flats, New York (Fleming, 2007b). William was the President of the Chicago White Stockings. He put together some of the best teams in baseball (The First Major League, 2008). He was a businessman so all he wanted to learn to do was make money (The First Major League, 2008). Hulbert felt that the teams were not organized the right way. The teams that lost out in the first rounds would go back home and play showcase games against teams that were not in the league. The association was made in the east and this made it difficult to play teams that were located in the west. Hulbert came up with a plan, he organized eight teams, four in the east and four in the west that was committed to a full championship schedule and had the teams not play teams outside the league to avoid complication (The First Major League, 2008). The eight teams that were in the association had a meeting in New York City on February 2, 1876 (The First Major League, 2008). At this meeting all the teams sat down and talked and agreed on to form a new organization, the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, which was to become the first true major league (The First Major League, 2008).Hulbert contributed to sports management by being the President of the Chicago White Stockings, putting together a plan to have teams play for a championship, and being one of the first people to make baseball a major league sport. The people that I talked about all have something in common. They all were involved in sport management in some kind of way. These people lived it and dedicated themselves to do the best job they could do for sport management and sports. These guys are good at what they did and know one can take that away from them. Sport and Recreation Management Resources As a sport and recreation manager, like any other job, one will not know everything there is to know about ones career. There will need to be people, books, websites, and other publications that one uses to get answers and advice from. All of these are good ways to approach situations and it is good to get many views and choose the one that works the best. One resource sport and recreation managers use is other managers in their field. Many managers who have been working in the position for a while have been through the same experiences. Since they are experienced they would know how to do things and be able to answer questions. Managers might also refer to other resources they use, such as magazines, websites, local radio stations, books, and employees. Mr. Kleven is the Director of Park and Recreation here in Crookston. He uses resources like National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA), Minnesota Recreation and Park Association (MRPA), Crookston Youth Basketball Association (CYBA), Youth Activities, and Crookston Youth Soccer Association (CYSA). These are the main resources that Mr. Kleven uses on a daily basis that help him do his job well. The National Recreation and Park Association is an association that has been around for years. In places across the United States the NRPA has been building parks and recreation areas for people to ride bikes, hike, play catch, or even have their pets run around and play with. Their mission is to Advance parks, recreation and environments conservation efforts that enhance the quality of life for all people. (About APRS, 2007). The values they believe in are to offer good quality facilities, employees that meet the standards of good services to bring out a better community, and have responsible programs for the youth (About APRS, 2007). The NRPA is the nations largest professional and citizen organization dedicated to advancing park, recreation, and conservation efforts that enhance the quality of life for all people (About NRPA, 2007). There are over 20,000 professionals, citizen advocates, educators, and students from diverse backgrounds with the same passion for promoting healthy l ifestyles and livable communities (About NRPA, 2007). There are associations that branch off from the NRPA. One of these associations is the American Park and Recreation Society (APRS). According to the National Recreation and Park Association, this association is the largest professional branch of the National Recreation and Park Association, which consists of more than 8,500 members. The NRPA also states that the APRS consists of professionals who work in the local delivery of park, recreation, and leisure services. This branch has members who symbolize character and concerns for park and recreation. There mission is To strengthen the park and recreation profession; to enhance the quality of life. (About APRS, 2007). The Minnesota Recreation and Park Association (MRPA) is an organization structure that includes members, Board of Directors, Executive Director, membership services, and recreational sports teams (Strategic Plan, 2005). The MRPA has a recreation service function that is attentive and accountable for the recreational services that they provide (Strategic Plan, 2005). Minnesota Recreation and Park Association provides sports like Adult and Youth Softball, Volleyball, Basketball, Broomball, Booth Hockey, Touch Football, Hersheys Youth Track and Field, and they have a Select Special Event programs that allow the youth to go spend the day with the Timberwolves, Lynx, Twins, Swarm, and the Golden Gophers (MRPA 2005-2010 Strategic Plan, 2008). This organization is an organization that supports recreation both in youth and adult, this is why they have a good reference of success. Crookston Youth Basketball Association (CYBA) promotes enthusiasm for basketball and emphasizes skill development and fun (About CYBA, 2008). The CYBA was formed in the early 1990s by a group of individuals interested in encouraging participation in youth basketball (About CYBA, 2008). This association promotes kids from ages nine to fifteen to travel and play basketball. CYBA encourages kids in the summer to shoot and keep track of how many baskets they make and then rewards them with a prize relating to the number of baskets made. This is a way to keep the youth basketball players on track with their skills during the months that there are not practicing. In this program participating youth families must pay a $20.00 fee, but anyone who supports this program can be a member and pay $20.00 a year, even if they do not have kids in the program (About CYBA, 2008). Crookston Youth Soccer Association (CYSA) is an organization that is made up of a board of directors. It consists of individuals, families, coaches, and referees (Welcome, 2008). The CYSA promotes summer soccer for 3-12 graders. During the months one can not play soccer outside, they have a facility to play soccer indoors. This organization raises money for the youth players and the fields they play on. They help support high school and junior high boys and girls soccer also (Welcome, 2008). The CYSA is a strong organization that wants kids to play soccer. They do a lot for these youth to help them grow up to be good athletes, especially playing soccer. Many people in the community find out about sport issues through the radio and television. Different news and sport broadcasters let the public know about upcoming games and events. Sport and recreation managers, like Kleven, use these resources to obtain some information and statistics from games, events, and meetings. Crookston has a local radio station called KROX. This is a type of resource that Kleven uses for his job. KROX keeps the community updated on events and has a great sports section for people who like sports around the community. They involve all levels of sports from youth leagues, varsity, and adult leagues and have daily and weekly shows with sports players and their coaches. KROX is also very good and broadcasting live games or local sporting events, no matter where they are located. When there are two games played at the same time they usually have a broadcaster at each game and record one and play that after the other game is finished. They keep a current website available at www.kroxam.com. This website gets many visits a day. The sports page gives all the information needed about any Crookston sports team or Minnesota professional teams. It even has live web casts for people that live out of the radio stations range, so they can listen to selected games on the computer broadcasted live from KROX. This radio station is a very good resource for various teams and information. The Crookston Park and Recreation Department offers sport programs for youth. Some summer programs include baseball, softball, tball, golf, tennis, others. In the winter they offer basketball, hockey, and indoor soccer. The City of Crookston hires students from around the community to work with children and also to be role models. The youth program involves youth from grades preschool through ninth grade. The City of Crookston is a well know town for there youth programs. The Park and Recreation workers work hard to maintain fields, tennis courts, and other parks around the town. This is a great resource for other towns to look at because they can get ideas of things that are successful in Crookston. Resources are such an important part of anyones career. It makes things easier for the manager if things can be done the correct way the first or second time. With all the information out there now, including the internet and brochures, there should be a way to find out whatever kind of information you need. Communication Paper One of the largest components of a sport and recreation managers job is ones ability to communicate. Communication is a vital role in many circumstances. It shows how one reacts to certain situations and how effectively ones job is done. There are different ways to determine what kind of communication skills are being used or should be used. Communication Styles There are three basic types of communication styles: aggressive, passive, and assertive. Each style will best fit each individual. Aggressive communicators think everyone should be like them. They often have trouble listening and seeing other peoples point of view. They are bossy and impatient to others. On the other hand, passive communicators always agree with everyone. They let others make choices and they feel powerless. The kind of communicator a good sport and recreation manager should obtain is the assertive style. Assertive communicators are effective listeners, trust self and others, and are confident in their choices. They have good enthusiasm and are able to motivate others (Sherman, 1999). This will help them with the communication skills that they will use. Communication Skills With assertive being the style of communication that best fits this profession, next the communication skills need to be acquired. Some good communication skills include speaking, listening, interviewing, reading, writing, giving feedback, and being interview (Communication skills, 2008). These would all be ideal for every sport and recreation manager to have. Speaking is the most commonly used form of communication. Sport and recreation managers need to speak to their employees, the community, and people utilizing the activities provided. It is done to explain things, to provide information, or just to have conversations. There will need to be meetings that are put on where the manager speaks on issues. There will also be phone calls, interviews, and feedback reports that should be a verbal type of communication. Speaking is an effective way to communicate with anyone. To let people know one has full attention, good listening skills are needed. Employees, the community, and people utilizing activities want to know that the manager cares about what they have to say and will deal with their concerns. Situations where one would use this skill would be in meeting, general conversations, interviews, grievance issues, questions, and concerns. All managers need good interviewing skills. There will always be the need to hire employees. They need to be sure that they get the right applicant for the job through the interviewing process. There are many different things to read. One will get emails, notices, letters, faxes, bulletins, brochures, etc. To understand the information or what is being asked of one needs to be able to read efficiently. The sport and recreation manager will have things that may be read out loud to other people or to themselves. For all the different ways to read things one may also write them. The sport and recreation manager will have to send letters, emails, etc. out to the employees, community, and people utilizing activities. They need to be updated and informed on matters that concern them. They may write things down while someone else is talking, which would also require good listening skills, or they can just write down information that they have questions on or to remember things better. When employees do good and bad things, feedback should be given to them. They need to know what is being done right and wrong so they can perform to the sport and recreation managers standards. Feedback is done at least annually and can be done whenever needed or observed. There will be times in a sport and recreation manager career where they will be interviewed. Whether it be for a news station, paper, or for a students research paper they need to be on top of what is going on and be able to answer questions on the spot. These styles of communication are used not only as a sport and recreation manager, but for many types of professional communities. The styles cover almost every kind of communication style commonly used. Communication on a Regular Basis Verbal and written communication will be used everyday. There will be certain things that are not communicated as commonly as others, but still used. On a daily basis a sport and recreation manager will have mail to open, emails to read, meetings to attend, and people to talk to. Weekly will most likely use the same communication skills. On a monthly basis there will be other kinds of meetings or events to utilize communication skills at. There will also be quarterly reports that need to be read and explained to other employees. Yearly there are usually annual meetings to attend. These are just some of the more common types of regular basis communication skills used by sport and recreation managers throughout their career. A good person that uses these tasks every day would be Dr. David Rolling. Dr. Rolling is the Sport and Recreation Manager Program Coordinator at the University of Minnesta, Crookston. He attended Bemidji State University in Bemidji, MN, to get a bachelor degree in Sport Management and a masters degree in Sport Studies (David Rolling, 2008). He got his Ph.D. in Sport Administration at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, KS (David Rolling, 2008). Dr. Rolling was also an athlete. He played minor league baseball and hockey growing up. After he was done playing he coached. He has coached at division 1, 2, and 3 levels for hockey and baseball. He currently is the UMC Golden Eagles assistant hockey coach. He also has worked in the professional level for football. He was a player compensation for the Kansas City Chiefs, which deals with players contracts and negotiations. Dr. Rolling currently works at the University of Minnesta, Crookston as the Sport and Recreation Manager Program Coordinator, a professor and is the advisor for all of the Sport and Recreation Management degree students. He teaches six classes a semester. Some of those classes are Seminar in Sport and Recreation Management 4099, Exercise Physiology 3320, Sports Marketing 3006, and Sport and Recreation Law 3002. Rolling has been here on campus for two and a half years. As stated earlier, one of the largest components of a sport and recreation managers job is ones ability to communicate. Now that all the styles, kinds, skills, and ways of communication have been presented one can really see how often communication is used. The perfect candidate would have all of these traits, but lets face it, no one is perfect! APA Compared to MLA Paper formatting is based upon the rules of the particular style one is using (Paper, 1999). There are many different ways to format a paper. All styles define how a paper should be written, the format of the paper when printed, and how references are cited (Paper, 1999). One may ask, why the need for all of this? The answer is to give credit to the author or publisher for their original work and to let others know where the information was obtained so they may utilize it too. Two of the more common types will be discussed and compared. The first style is used by sport and recreation managers and the second is used by other career fields. American Psychological Association (APA) is the most selected writing style. APA style specifically points out names and order of headings, formatting, and organization of citations and references (APA, 2008). This style points out the arrangement of tables, figures, footnotes, and appendices, as well as other manuscript and documentation features (APA, 2008). APA provides the basic guidelines for documenting print and electronic resources (APA, 2008). In an APA style paper there are certain sections that should be included in the paper, with each section starting on a new page. The sections include: title page, abstract, body, references, author note, footnotes, tables, and figures (APA, 2008). Modern Language Association style (MLA) requires that specific rules be followed for formatting manuscripts (Enzine, 2008). This style provides writers with a system that is suitable to cite references, the usage of which enhances the writers credibility by listing outside sources in order to give recognition where it is due (Enzine, 2008). One advantage of this style is that it provides a writer protection from plagiarism. There are many other things that differ between APA and MLA. The guidelines for APA are: Assignments must be typed double-spaced on 8.5 x 11 inch pages. The title page must include bylines, titles, or running headers. Page numbers must be included (similar to MLA) followed by 5 spaces, then an abridged version (2 words) of the papers title. Some instructors require students to prepare an abstract which is a 75 to 100 word overview of the chosen topic highlighting the major points of discussion in the paper. It must be set up on its own page with the word Abstract centered at the top of the page, and placed right after the title page. Headings are not specifically necessary but can be helpful in navigating through a paper. Every word of the heading must be capitalized with the exception of articles such as the, a, and an, and certain conjunctions such as and, and but. Visuals such as tables and figures including graphs, charts, and drawings may be included; however, each must be labeled with an Arabic numeral i.e. Table 1, Table 2, etc. Titles must be flush left; each inserted illustration must include its source. Lists of all references must be included on its own page at the end of your written work. Each reference should be centered, starting at the top of the page (also double spaced) and listed in alphabetical order according to the authors last name, editor, or by the title of the work (excluding the words A, An and The) (Ezine, 2008). Guidelines for MLA are: Assignments are to be typed on pages no larger that 8.5 x 11, double spaced, with either Times New Roman font, or Courier. One space must be inserted between all punctuation marks. Margins must be set to one inch on all sides of the paper. All paragraphs must be indented one inch (one tab) from the left margin of the page. Headers must be inserted on each page in the upper right hand corner displaying the page numbers of the essay consecutively (some instructors will ask that a students last name follow the page number on each page). If endnotes are included in your work, they must be placed on the last page, right before your works cited page (Ezine, 2008). APA and MLA references are cited two different ways. When citing from books in MLA one writes: Welch, Ben. Football Plays for Youth Football. 4th ed. Minnesota: Football, 2008. When citing from books in APA one writes: Welch, B. (2008). Football Plays for Youth Football. Minnesota: Football Basics. Journal articles for MLA are written: Donaldson, Scott. Protecting the Troops from Hemingway: An Episode in Censorship. The Hemingway Review 15 (1995): 87-93 (MLA, 2008). Journal articles for APA are written: Baptista, L. F. (1984). Song leargning in the anna hummingbired. Ethology, 84, 15-26 (MLA, 2008).The citation list for MLA should have a titled page called Works Cited. In APA style the titled page for citation should be called resources. Citing in text is also done differently. When you cite one author in APA style you cite (Henneberg, 2008, 9). In MLA format you cite (Henneberg 9). They are very similar to each other and could easily be mixed up. In conclusion MLA and APA look similar, but specific guidelines make them different. MLA and APA are great ways to write papers. Students, writers, and professors across the world use these style manuals to write papers, books, journals, and other documents. These styles are great for all people to use, because of the basic rules to follow. References About APRS. (2007). National Recreation and Park Association, Retrieved March 11, 2008 from https://www.nrpa.org/content/default.alpx?documentId=525 About CYBA. (2008). About Crookston Youth Basketball Association (CYBA), Retrieved March 11, 2008 from https://www.crookstonbasketball.com/about.htm About NRPA. (2007). National Recreation and Park Association, Retrieved March 11, 2008 from https://www.nrpa.org/content/default.aspx?documentId=25 Air Way College Gateway to the Internet. (2008). 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